Evidence course work Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Evidence course work - Essay Example Legal principles aim at promoting the rights of children throughout the administration of justice. This means that the legal system needs to uphold the fact that children, including individuals aged 17 years, are people in their own right and thus possess obligations and rights. These rights and obligations must be taken into consideration and respected by judicial and administrative authorities. 17 year olds enjoy special rights at police stations. The purpose of this paper is to examine the array of legal rights endowed on 17 year olds while in police custody for interviewing. The paper will further make pertinent recommendations to enhance the level of protection offered to juveniles in the initial stages of the juvenile justice process. Background International, regional and national legal principles hold that children possess special interests, needs and rights, which must be appreciated in all stages of the criminal justice system. This means that the administration of justice, both criminal and otherwise should always be guided by principal principles of non-discrimination, which are aimed at upholding the best interests of the juvenile. The European Convention on Human Rights is one of the most relevant regional legal principles that countries in Europe seek to incorporate into their domestic legal systems in order to provide guidance on the treatment of juveniles within the justice system3. The Convention has influenced the creation and implementation of legal provisions such as the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (PACE) and the Human Rights Act 1998 with the view to enhance the protection of juveniles’ rights in all spheres of life. Notably, recent court cases have revealed that PACE is inadequate in its protection of juveniles since it promotes the treatment of 17 year olds as adults during interviews at the police station. In R. (on the application of HC) v Secretary of State for the Home Department [2013] EWHC 982 (Admin) (QBD (Admin)) , the court ruled that the failure to revise PACE 1984 Code C in a manner that differentiates between adults and 17 year olds is a direct contravention of the government’s legal duty under the Human Rights Act 19984. PACE 1984 Code C allows police officers to treat 17 year olds as adults5. For instance, police officers are allowed to delay juveniles’ phone calls to their guardians on the pretext that there are reasonable grounds to believe that the exercise of the right to a phone call will impair the investigations. PACE Code C considers juveniles as all individuals who seem to be below the age of 17 years in the absence of evidence to the contrary6. Since the ratification of the Children Act in 1908, the criminal justice system has maintained that young offenders must be treated differently from adults in all stages of the justice process. Other legal principles such as remand and sentencing legislation, for instance, Criminal Justice Act 2003, Powers of Criminal Cou rts Sentencing Act 2000 and the Rehabilitation of Offenders Act 1974 also differentiate between those below and over the age of 18 years7. Additionally, the Prison Service Instruction 08/2012 describes children as all individuals under 18 years. Under Article 1 of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC) a child is essentially a person under 18 years, unless the law applicable to the child delineates that majority is attained at a

Comparison between Country Lovers and The Proposal Essay

Comparison between Country Lovers and The Proposal - Essay Example Then we will analyze the similarities and differences between a short story and play. Whether a literary piece is a short story or play, as long as they are categorized in the same theme there will always be similarities, with that being said regardless of similarities when comparing two literary works differences can always be found as well. The short story, Country Lovers by Nadine Gordimer, is story about two children from different ethnicities who formed a relationship that later turned sexual. This story takes place on a South African farm, where ethnicity had a major influence on how people were classified. Being a person with white skin, one automatically had superiority over a person with black skin. The boy, Paulus Eysendyck, was fond of Thebedi, the daughter of the help. For years, Paulus went back and forth to school and every time he was home, he engaged in secret activities with Thebedi. As they grew older, their relationship turned sexual and eventually a child was crea ted. Paulus was unaware of the child until after birth. Thebedi had married Njabulo, even though Njabulo knew that the child was not his. When Paulus returned for the holidays from veterinary school, he was surprised to hear Thebedi had a child and rushed to her home to see the child. The next day he returned and poisoned the child. Paulus was charged with murder and a trial began. Thebedi appeared at the court date with a new child in hand by her husband Njabulo, only to find out that he was a free man. The evidence was circumstantial to the courts and another white man gets away with murder. The objective of this story was to express the issues racial relationships faced in the South Africa from 1949-1994 (Driver, 1994). The Proposal by Anton Chekhov is a play that displayed how one word or sentence can send an ordinary conversation down a path of no return. The play is a one act comic farce set during Chekhov’s Russia, a time when marriage was seen as a way of gaining econ omic wealth for a majority of the people. In this play, the marriage concept is satirized to show the real purpose of marriage, which is for materialistic gain as opposed to true love. Ivan VassilevitchLomov was the neighbor of Stephan StepanovitchChubukov, and his daughter Natalya Stephanovna. Ivan came to Stephan’s home one day to ask for Natalya’s hand in marriage. Stephan was overjoyed and agreed to the marriage. Stephan went and got Natalya so Ivan and her can talk. Before Ivan could ask the question they began to argue about a small area of land and who it belonged to. That went on for a little while, until Ivan left. Once Stephan found out Ivan left, he told Natalya why Ivan came. Natalya begged her father to return Ivan. Once he returned the father brought up marriage, Ivan and Natalya agreed and then they kissed. The content of both stories is similar but different. They both involve a male and female engaged in some sort of relationship. In the Country Lovers , the two grew up together and gradually built a relationship. Whereas in The Proposal, Ivan and Natalya were long time neighbors and Ivan felt he was getting old so he asked a woman who he knew for a long time hand in marriage. Paulus and Thebedi’s relationship was forbidden because of race, but Ivan and Natalya’

The Great Plague Of Europe Essay -- Diseases/Disorders

The Great Plague killed nearly half of the European population during the fourteenth century. A plague is a widespread illness. The Illness was also known as the â€Å"Black Death†. Most of the European people believed the plague was the beginning of the end of the world. They were scarcely equipped and unready for what was to be entailed. It was by far one of the worst epidemics yet to be seen in those times. The Great Plague of Europe made its way all throughout the continent and its population. The plague started on the western side of Europe; off the coast of Italy. It arrived by sea between the fall of 1347 and through early spring 1348. Italy was affected so hard that only one out of seven victims would recover in those parts. The plague reached Spain, France, England and Russia before making its way to the East within three years. The medieval pandemic swept through Asia as well, China was most affected as it lied in the center of travel. The Black Death was caused through various transmissions. The most common cause was through rodents. Rodents such as rats had been seen all over the cities. These rats carried excessive amounts of fleas with them. The fleas itself are what caused the actual spread, from the rats to the human populations, by ingesting the infected blood from its host. The pandemic then spread from one area of Europe to the next, by trade routes, after the rats boarded upon merchant ships and traveled down the rivers. The most common water way used was the black sea. The disease spread from the port cities to the surrounding countryside. A few ports tried to stop all ships from entering in hopes of not getting infected, but instead it just spread more when they turned to an inviting port near by. It spread ... ...dren.about.com/od/theblackdeath/a/death_defined.htm>. Wattenburg, Ben. "Human extermination." Gadsden Times [Alabama] : A4+. Web. 20 May 2012. . "black death." History.com. A&E Television Networks, LLC, 1996-2012. Web. 20 May 2012. . "Killing Game." Blogspot.com. N.p., 27 Dec. 2006. Web. 8 May 2012. . "Plague the black death." national geographics 1996-2012: 1+. Web. 4 May 2012. "The Black Death, 1348." eyewittnesstohistory.com. eye wittness to history, 2001. Web. 27 Apr. 2012. .

Characteristics of Internet delivery services Essay

What are the characteristics of services that will be most appropriate for internet delivery? Internet service can be provided through telephone lines .Internet connection speed can generally be divided into two categories: dialup and broadband Characteristics of the Internet: The characteristics of the Internet that affect its usefulness in service can be divided broadly into Information and Connectivity. â€Å"The advantages arise from the Internet’s enormous capacity to link participants with information and with each other. The Information and Connectivity of the Internet have unique characteristics: Information: †¢Information on the Internet is multimedia–capable of having coloured images, sound and video. These can be expensive to produce, but increasingly there are open sources of these types of content that are free of charge. Once produced, the price of distribution of the information is nominal compared to that of producing hard-copy books, CDs and films. †¢Information on the Internet can be hyperlinked. This permits both tutors and learners to assemble large bodies of information from a wide variety of sources without actually having to store the information in one place; e.g., on paper or a hard disk. Hyperlinks within information on the Internet enables users to find or cite additional sources of pertinent information. †¢Information on the Internet is searchable. Search engines such as Google enable users to find information on every imaginable topic. †¢Intelligent agents can be programmed to search the Internet for particular information and inform the user of the existence and location of that information. In fact, these agents can harvest pertinent information and deliver it to the user’s desktop. †¢Information on the Internet originates from world-wide sources. Users are no longer limited to the library, gallery, museum or video or record store in their locale. Connectivity: †¢Probably the most powerful characteristic.

ThePensters Pay to Write a Literature Review of Superb Quality!

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Overcoming Prescription Drug Addiction - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 705 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2019/03/22 Category Health Essay Level High school Tags: Drug Abuse Essay Did you like this example? Introduction For many women, motherhood is one of lifes biggest responsibilities. While caring for a life other than your own requires providing all the necessities of survival, nurturing a loving relationship requires being physically and emotionally present. Addiction to prescription drugs presents many challenges, most of which also prevents women from experiencing the highlights of motherhood. Over 90% of female substance abusers are addicted to prescription drugs. Often, many are in denial about their addiction due to the stigma of the term drug addict. When most people think of an addict, their mind conjures up an image of a disheveled person hooked on hard drugs, like crack or heroin. They would be surprised to find that a significant number of women, many of whom are mothers, are functioning drug addicts. The repercussions of prescription drug addiction are far-reaching. If youre struggling with this disease, overcoming it can provide valuable benefits, many of which will make you a more present mother. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Overcoming Prescription Drug Addiction" essay for you Create order Healthier Sleep Hygiene One sign of prescription drug addiction is experiencing a drastic change in your sleep patterns. Motherhood can sometimes be full of unrelenting responsibilities, and this becomes more difficult when youre unable to keep up due to exhaustion. Typically, instances where a cup of coffee or a good night of rest can help, opioid-induced drowsiness prevents relief. Those addicted to drugs like Codeine or Morphine are known to sleep their days away, often isolated in a dark, locked room. By sleeping around the clock or at odd hours, household chores become neglected and children are often ignored. For others, substance abuse can cause sleep deprivation. This can lead to extreme exhaustion, hallucinations, and/or confused erratic behavior. Lack of sleep can also cause neglect, as well as putting your children at increased risk of injury. Long term elimination of prescription drug abuse can help to regulate your sleep patterns, essentially getting rid the negative side effects of poor sleep hygiene. When youre well rested and alert, you can properly provide the care and attention your children need. Better Mood Whether its because of poor sleep hygiene or directly caused by the substance itself, abusing prescription drugs alters the brain chemistry and impairs cognitive function. Mood swings and hostility are common symptoms. For children, this can be a harsh reality. When youre in the throes of irritability, it can be hard to recognize the effect it has on children. Kids who are exposed to addictive behavior often experience low self-esteem, exhibit poor performance in school, and have a higher risk of developing anxiety and depression. Eliminating substance abuse can often decrease these effects in children and help to establish a closer bond. Ability to Lead by Example Over time, addiction progresses towards extreme behavioral changes. In order to satisfy intense drug cravings, abusers often resort to drastic measures. This can include actions like stealing or committing fraud. Quite often, addictive practices multiply and lead to abuse of other substances, such as heroin and alcohol. Its almost impossible to teach children healthy behavioral habits when they witness extreme actions on a regular basis. Statistically, 50% of children raised by substance abusers grow up to abuse drugs personally. The best way to lessen this risk and be aware of the example youre setting for your own kids is to ensure that youre clean. Attending counseling regularly can also help to reform negative behavior. Physical Presence The best way to be present for your children is to actually be there. Substance abuse causes parental neglect, which often leads to several mental trauma for children. Various reports have linked an increase in teen suicides with the national opioid crisis. Additionally, substance abuse can put you at risk of facing jail time and possibly losing custody of your children. It also increases the likelihood of complications, with brain, liver and kidney disease being a common diagnosis among addicts. In addition to poor health, accidental death is also a huge risk factor. According to the National Institute on Drug Abuse, more than 115 Americans die of opioid overdose every day. Ensure youre physically present for your children by seeking qualified medical assistance. By taking the steps to becoming a more present mother, you are ensuring a healthier and happier future for your children.

Development of Modern Prison - 3506 Words

ROLE OF LABOUR DISCIPLINE, TIME AND SPACE IN THE FORMATION OF MODERN PRISON Name Course Instructor Name Institution Date Role of Labour Discipline, Time and Space in the Formation of Modern Prison. The jail system began on seventeenth century. It was during this time that the outcasts in the society including the homeless and the poor were segregated and they were enclosed in a particular place on their own (Matthews 2009, 20). This was either done for a period after which they were taken back or it was done permanently where they were supposed to remain on their own forever. This was realised later that it could also act as a form of punishment to those who were identified with general misconduct. There was a†¦show more content†¦Form of productive relations widely argued it in any period as every system of production will discover punishments that will correspond to its productive relations and the fact that punishments will only exist if specific criminal practices exist. To make it clear, they argued that though the mode of transport that was being used was crude and human, it was motivated by the fact that there was a need for labour on the farms and mines (Foucault 1977, 76). The labour was not available in large quantities where it was needed while it was in surplus, in England. This called for the need of balance between the places it was in demand, and the places it was available and hence this is what called for the transportation of prisoners. It was noted that the speed on which a convict reform is not determined by the heaviness of the punishment that one is put under, but it is rather dependent on many social factors. The first reason that will determine how a prisoner change is the people he or she is surrounded with and how they make him or her feel. If the prisoner is surrounded by people who believe that he has achieved a lot, he or she will feel the need of doing more and more crime and hence low chances of changing. Early reformists came up with the argument that the conditions of the prison could also be a motivating factor to crime (Camp and Hughes 2010, 27). It was noted that, in the olden days, the poor people were the biggestShow MoreRelatedA Look at Crime from a Sociological Perspective1020 Words   |  4 Pageschildren were common place. However, today this act is heavily criminalized in most modern nations. Furthermore, criminal laws can also be constructed to serve some political end. During the Cold War for example, the Soviet Union criminalized the act of defecting to any other country. Therefore, if the citizens were not in allegiance with their country and tried to escape then they could actually be sent to prison for this act. 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